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He was tasked by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. [27][28][e] Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. When in 1939 Himmler formed the Reich Security Central Office, Eichmann was transferred to its section on Jewish affairs in Berlin. [32][33] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Hauptscharführer (head squad leader) in 1936 and was commissioned as an SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) the following year. [47], Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation. Only in Hungary did Eichmann involve himself directly on the ground in the deportation process. Mossad agent Peter Malkin engaged him, asking him in Spanish if he had a moment. The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as "Father". [198] Prominent people such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl S. Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke against applying the death penalty. Adolf Eichmann was a SS officer who planned with meticulous detail the sending of Jews and other groups to death camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka and Sobibor. [88] During the Nuremberg Trials, Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, testified that Himmler had told Höss to receive all operational instructions for the implementation of the Final Solution from Eichmann. [141] On 23 June, the Council passed Resolution 138 which agreed that Argentine sovereignty had been violated and requested that Israel should make reparations. He said that he subscribed to Jewish periodicals and had bought the Encyclopedia Judaica. [175] Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect. [48] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. He advanced steadily within the SS and was sent to Vienna after the annexation of Austria (March 1938) to rid the city of Jews. [74] Eichmann attended the conference, oversaw the stenographer who took the minutes, and prepared the official distributed record of the meeting. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. [18], On the advice of family friend and local SS leader Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Eichmann joined the Austrian branch of the Nazi Party on 1 April 1932, member number 889,895. Eichmann was hanged on May 31, 1962, and his ashes were scattered at sea. In 1960, the major Holocaust perpetrator Adolf Eichmann was kidnapped in Argentina and brought to Israel to stand trial. [45] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant) in July 1938, and appointed to the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, created in August in a room in the former Palais Rothschild at Prinz Eugen Strasse 22. [120], Harel dispatched Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960,[121] and he was able to confirm Eichmann's identity after several weeks of investigation. Adolf Eichmann, in full Karl Adolf Eichmann, (born March 19, 1906, Solingen, Germany—died May 31, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel), German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. Following the war, U.S. troops captured Eichmann, but in 1946 he escaped from a prison camp. Prosecutor Gideon Hausner also tried to challenge the portrayal of Jewish … [12] His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the Realschule and enrolling him in the Höhere Bundeslehranstalt für Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau vocational college. ... His ashes were scattered in the … [136] He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al Bristol Britannia aircraft that had carried Israel's delegation a few days earlier to the official 150th anniversary celebration of the May Revolution. [199] Ben-Gurion called a special cabinet meeting to resolve the issue. [113] Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him in 1953 that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed along that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned. They were deported … [7] His parents were Adolf Karl Eichmann, a bookkeeper, and Maria (née Schefferling), a housewife. Adolf Eichmann was born in Solingen March 19, 1906 ,Germany, to a businessman and industrialist, Adolf Karl Eichmann, and Maria née Schefferling. [59], Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas. [60][61] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate. Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes. During the First World War, Eichmann's father served in the Austro-Hungarian Army. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. All of those were connected to Adolf Eichmann. His birth certificate as well as official Nazi-era documents confirm that 'Otto Adolf' is correct. [102], At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by US forces and spent time in several camps for SS officers using forged papers that identified him as Otto Eckmann. Until then, many people in the West had not been fully aware of the attempted annihilation of an entire people by the Nazi regime between 1939 and 1945. At the infamous Wannsee Conference (1942) Eichmann received his orders. He even learned a smattering of Hebrew and Yiddish, gaining a reputation as a specialist in Zionist and Jewish matters. The execution was prepared to take place at midnight on 31 May but was slightly delayed; Eichmann thus died a few minutes into 1 June. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. [108] The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 6061 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960. [24] Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp. Adolf Eichmann's Final Plea, from the PBS/ABC documentary. To co-ordinate planning for the genocide, Heydrich, who was Eichmann's superior, hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942. Coming only sixteen years after the end of World War 2, the trial of the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, which began in Jerusalem 60 years ago today, brought the Holocaust into international public focus as never before. [155][i] The trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau, Benjamin Halevy and Yitzhak Raveh. [37][38] Eichmann travelled to British Mandatory Palestine with his superior Herbert Hagen in 1937 to assess the possibility of Germany's Jews voluntarily emigrating to that country, disembarking with forged press credentials at Haifa, whence they travelled to Cairo in Egypt. He escaped from a work detail at Cham, Germany, when he realised that his identity had been discovered. Long live Austria. He prepared an anti-Masonic exhibition, which proved to be extremely popular. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The trial—before Jewish judges by a Jewish state that did not exist until three years after the Holocaust—gave rise to accusations of ex post facto justice. Describing an earlier trip to Haifa, he said that he was more interested in the Jews than the Arabs. "[152], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. He was arrested by Israeli secret service agents near Buenos Aires, Argentina, on May 11, 1960; nine days later they smuggled him out of the country and took him to Israel. [186] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen. After an unremarkable school career, Eichmann briefly worked for his father's mining company in Austria, where the family had moved in 1914. [167] Hausner ignored police recommendations to call only 30 witnesses; only 14 of the witnesses called had seen Eichmann during the war. [66] Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities. Most of the victims were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where about 75 per cent were murdered upon arrival. Otto Adolf Eichmann[a] (/ˈaɪxmən/ EYEKH-mən,[1] German: [ˈɔto ˈʔaːdɔlf ˈʔaɪçman]; 19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German-Austrian[2] SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust—the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" in Nazi terminology. [84], Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. Hannah Arendt, a German-born Jewish American political philosopher, covered the trial for The New Yorker. [150] When additional information was brought forward that forced Eichmann into admitting what he had done, Eichmann would insist he had no authority in the Nazi hierarchy and was only following orders. [99] Throughout October and November, Eichmann arranged for tens of thousands of Jewish victims to be forced to march, in appalling conditions, from Budapest to Vienna, a distance of 210 kilometres (130 mi). At war's end, Eichmann found himself in US custody, but escaped in 1946. But Hausner, in his role as Attorney General, declared that he would be obliged to have any war criminals who entered Israel arrested. [c] The trial was widely followed in the media and was later the subject of several books, including Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem, in which Arendt coined the phrase "the banality of evil" to describe Eichmann. [90][93] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July. Adolf Eichmann was born in 1906 in Solingen, a small industrial city in the Rhineland. [90][92] Under international pressure, the Hungarian government halted deportations on 6 July 1944, by which time over 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had died. [73] In preparation for the conference, Eichmann drafted for Heydrich a list of the numbers of Jews in various European countries and prepared statistics on emigration. Adolf Eichmann was one of the most pivotal actors in the implementation of the “Final Solution.” Charged with managing and facilitating the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and killing centers in the German-occupied East, he was among the major organizers of the Holocaust. [95] In June 1944 Eichmann was involved in negotiations with Rudolf Kasztner that resulted in the rescue of 1,684 people, who were sent by train to safety in Switzerland in exchange for three suitcases full of diamonds, gold, cash, and securities. [172] The prosecution proved that Eichmann had visited places where exterminations had taken place, including Chełmno extermination camp, Auschwitz, and Minsk (where he witnessed a mass shooting of Jews),[173] and therefore was aware that the deportees were being killed. [184] During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time. Moreover, Eichmann was found guilty of membership in three organisations that had been declared criminal at the Nuremberg trials: the Gestapo, the SD, and the SS. [172] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. Some authors maintain that his father's name was Karl Adolf, for example, In September 1939, this department was renamed Section IV B4 of the. He sent for his family in 1952, and they moved to Buenos Aires. [196] Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. I greet my wife, my family and my friends. He repeatedly devised innovative solutions to overcome obstacles. Eichmann was not the first Nazi defendant to argue obedience and adherence to the law. Israeli Mossad agents seized him there and smuggled him out of Argentina to stand trial in Israel. [52][51] Many of the deportees were driven by the SS into Soviet-occupied territory and others were eventually placed in a nearby labour camp. At the end of the war, Eichmann was captured by the United States (although his identity remained unknown as he used a false name) and placed in a camp for SS officials in Germany. Eichmann was convicted for his role in organizing and carrying out the Holocaust and ultimately executed. He was hanged in 1962. He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight. Corrections? [162] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story. [171], Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis. Otto Adolf Eichmann (* 19. While he denied his ultimate responsibility, he seemed proud of his effectiveness in establishing efficient procedures to deport millions of victims. [167] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence. [135], Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant. [4], After Germany's defeat in 1945, Eichmann was captured by US forces, but escaped from a detention camp and moved around Germany to avoid re-capture. [101] Along with many other SS officers who fled in the closing months of the war, Eichmann and his family were living in relative safety in Austria when the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945. They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house. After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons. Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. [153] Eichmann was convicted on 15 counts of crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation. Michael Berenbaum—a graduate of Queens College (BA, 1967) and Florida State University (Ph.D., 1975) who also attended The Hebrew University and the Jewish Theological Seminary—is a writer,... Villa in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee that housed the conference at which the “final solution” to “the Jewish problem” was formulated on January 20, 1942. [195] On 29 May, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal and upheld the District Court's judgement on all counts. Eichmann was born on March 19, 1906 near Cologne, Germany, into a middle class Protestant family. On This Date in 1962, Nazi War Criminal Adolf Eichmann Hanged in Israel ... Of these 75-90 percent were murdered in the gas chambers immediately after arriving in the death camps. [8][9][d] The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. [82] His department was in constant contact with the Foreign Office, as Jews of conquered nations such as France could not as easily be stripped of their possessions and deported to their deaths. Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann standing in a protective glass booth during his trial in Israel in 1961. Eichmann joined the Nazi Party in April 1932 in Linz and rose through the party hierarchy. He announced plans to create a reservation in the General Government (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation. [46] By the time he left Vienna in May 1939, nearly 100,000 Jews had left Austria legally, and many more had been smuggled out to Palestine and elsewhere. [201], Eichmann was hanged at a prison in Ramla hours later. One year later, with a similar mission, he was sent to Prague. This 1961 file photo shows Adolf Eichmann standing in his glass cage in the Jerusalem courtroom where he was tried and convicted of war crimes committed during World War II. His family moved to Austria following the … Germany invaded Hungary in March 1944, and Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population. After settling the controversy that arose over this Israeli violation of Argentine law, the Israeli government arranged his trial before a special three-judge court in Jerusalem. [71] Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved. The crimes perpetrated by the Nazis during Hitler’s reign against Jewish citizens were some of the worst recorded in history. Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz on weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg. [44] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control. This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been, Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the, the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, List of fugitives who are no longer sought, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Eichmann Refused to Admit Guilt in Last-ditch Bid for Clemency", "SS-Obersturmbannführer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth", "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial", "Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA", "Sleepwalker: Arendt, Thoughtlessness, and the Question of Little Eichmanns", "Ben-Gurion's bombshell: 'We've caught Eichmann, "Wie Eichmann vom Österreicher zum Deutschen wurde", "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Eichmann's final barb: 'I hope that all of you will follow me, "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires", "Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public", "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law", "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution, "The Eichmann Case and the Distortion of History", "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds", "Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away", "Holocaust organizer sought clemency, saying he was 'mere instrument, "Israel Supreme Court Names Justices to Hear Eichmann's Appeal", "Israel to Pay Reward In Capture of Eichmann", "Special publication: Behind the scenes at the Eichmann Trial", "Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later", "Testimony of Rudolf Höss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946", Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann, "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)", "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, National Political Institute of Education, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1016731920, Escapees from United States military detention, German people convicted of crimes against humanity, People executed for crimes against humanity, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 19:28. ... he was not among the top Nazi war criminals that the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France placed on trial during the famous … [83] Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. Diese zentrale Dienststelle des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes (RSHA, mit dem Kürzel IV D 4) organisierte die Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Deportation von Juden aufgrund rassischer Zuordnung und war mitverantwortlich für die Ermordungvon … [116] His daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, prosecutor-general of the state of Hesse in West Germany. After the death of Maria in 1916, Eichmann's father married Maria Zawrzel, a devout Protestant with two sons. [97], Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July. I die believing in God. [11] He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a Wandervogel woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various right-wing militias. He was cremated and his ashes were thrown to the sea, well beyond the Israeli three mile limit.

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