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When the body is identified as “girl,” the utterance imposes “girl-ness” upon the body, therein interpellating the “infant”/”it” into “girl.” The act of the doctor/nurse is not mere performance. Again, this recites how one comes to stand before the law – or how the law disallows people to stand before it. She received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from Yale University in 1984. (2004a) Undoing Gender, New York and London: Routledge. body and gender by means of Foucault’s ideas as well as Judith Butler’s concept of per-formativity in order to discuss difficulties in society. Instead, it could be “heterosexual law” which is a bundling of juridical and disciplinary forms of power into a discursive performance as a way of being. Butler seeks, above all, to challenge this theoretically by saying that, through ‘subversive bodily acts’, the gender bodily relations need not be beholden to such a framework. In an interview with Guardian journalist Owen Jones, Butler spends an … The ability to continually challenge is more clearly illustrated in Butler’s later works. But here two meanings of resistance need to be specified: social-political and psychic. Through the words alone the act is performed. Not everyone can come before the law, but the legal construction that acts to marginalize those who cannot come before it generates the very conditions of destabilization. She is the Maxine Elliot professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley. However, the disciplinary apparatus that produce discourses of subjection bring about the very conditions for subverting that same apparatus. Wer ist Judith Butler und was macht sie? (2003) The Judith Butler Reader, ed., Sara Salih, with Judith Butler, Malden, Mass. Revealing and calling attention to that discursive operation through performances can assist in reimaging how bodies relate to one another. Gallery Jo Yana. Judith Butler’s most popular book is Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Free shipping and pickup in store on eligible orders. And she points out that identity, being a fundamental attachment for the subject, cannot simply be thrown off at will. Cultural Econ. The latter is seen to be formed according ‘to certain requirements of the liberal state’ and its juridical apparatus (Butler 1997b: 100). Ihre einflussreichen sozialwissenschaftlich-philosophischen Arbeiten stehen in der Tradition der Kritischen Theorie, des Poststrukturalismus und der Queer-Theorie. (1980 [1962]). Judith Butler has 175 books on Goodreads with 126152 ratings. © CLT (Holding) Ltd. CLT (Holding) Ltd is a company limited by shares registered in England & Wales with number 11150350 and address as listed in the Register of Companies. Judith Butler Wants Us to Reshape Our Rage The celebrity academic on the possibilities of nonviolence, the rise of the anti-“gender ideology” movement, and the militant potential of mourning. Unless otherwise indicated, written content on this site is published under Creative Commons licence (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). More pointedly: the question that Butler still needs to answer is: How can performativity work as a principle of resistance (to stereotypes, etc), when a certain opacity is at the heart of every identity? Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers From Structuralism To Post-Humanismm Second Edition  John Lechte Routledge 2008. CLT (Holding) Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Counterpress Limited. Judith Butler is an American gender theorist and professor of comparative literature and rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley. Butler, Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory (1988) 40(4) Theatre Journal 519-531; Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power 83 (1997). And for Butler, writing in 1989, things needed to be changed; for heterosexually gendered bodies were hegemonic, while gay and lesbian bodies were designated as pathological. Her work has often been characterised as post-structuralist because of its concern to oppose all essentialist claims and to emphasise that gender relations are precisely that: relations, which implies that gender and sexuality are indeed constructed. The subversive uses of performativity are manifest through citation and re-citation of the performative. Through the uttering of words alone perlocutionary acts take place. York: Columbia University Press. For instance, one might query whether gay marriage promotes or opposes heteronormative hegemony? I’ve been exposed to her ideas before, but I didn’t understand them very well until reading this article, Your email address will not be published. Along with Foucault on sexuality and Althusser on interpellating people as subjects through the uttering of words, Butler uses the notion of performative as illocutionary and perlocutionary to analyse notions, such as ‘hate speech’, ‘contagious words’ and censorship. . —— (1997b), The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Foucault, Michel (1977 [1975]), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Further Reading CLT (Holding) Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Counterpress Limited. Judith Butler is Maxine Elliot Professor in the Departments of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. (1990 and 1999) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New Psychic resistance to power, where issues of sexual identity might be at stake, is often reduced to the social-political articulation of power where one might want to resist the law that declares that no same sex marriages are permitted. Zizek, Slavoj (1999), The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology, London and New York: Verso. Where Butler’s early works are more focused on, perhaps, the individual, recent works are more on “precarity,” or the making of those who are precarious or on the margins.18See, Judith Butler & Athena Athanasiou, Dispossession: The Performative in the Political (2013); Notes Towards a Performative Theory. Her focus on performance has been widely influential because performance and performativity enable discussants to move beyond analyses of legal definition or status to consider the political and social discursive forces that construct and normalize legal or political practice. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter (1993); Excitable Speech (1997). In her earlier work, Butler argues that the masquerade, where heterosexuality is a play of appearances, becomes central for Lacan: a man fears becoming a woman because this reveals an unconscious desire to be loved by another man, a desire for sameness, not difference. Critique of Kristeva – Critique of Essentialism. For Butler, the semiotic is ultimately essentialist (and this is clearly a criticism), because of its connection to the drives – believed to be biological – and indebted, through opposition, to the socially sanctioned Symbolic: the Law of the Father, the sphere of the determination of ‘normal’ gender and sexuality. References (1987) Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France, New Shop amongst our popular books, including 151, Gender Trouble, Bodies That Matter and more from judith butler. Butler is the Maxine Elliot Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley, where she has taught since 1993. (2005) Giving an Account of Oneself, New York: Fordham University Press. Sie ist Professorin und Lehrstuhlinhaberin für Rhetorik und Komparatistik an der University of California, Berkeley. For Butler, performativity is not solely an extension of discourse theory as her later works suggest bodies “speak” without necessarily uttering. A certain place is thus secured for psychoanalysis as any opposition to subjection will first have to take subjection itself as a resource. Through Althusserian interpellation, where ‘the subject is constituted by being hailed’ (Butler 1997b: 95), Butler’s performative means, as we have shown, that subjectivity is established in the act, and does not exist as some a priori essential element. In Foucault’s work, on the other hand, the notion of sex is constituted through the discourse of sexuality. Rather than beginning by providing a general account of the argument in Gender Trouble, we shall focus on Butler’s critique of Julia Kristeva’s theory of the drive-based, semiotic, for it shows in a nutshell Butler’s general theoretical orientation. The iterability of the performance is generated from the citationality of the sign that allows one to ‘make trouble’ by citing or reciting the performative in ways that are contrary to or revealing of the instability of heteronormative hegemony.14See, e.g., Derrida’s Limited Inc., 7-12. A Feminist Critique of Merleau … Although Butler is recognized for her influence in gender/queer studies, her work is widely influential. The “law” Butler speaks of does not necessarily mean juridical law. Butler’s notion of ‘performativity’ is most famously associated with her views on gender and is important for critical legal thinkers because performativity is deeply entangled with politics and legality. In her book, Excitable Speech (1997a), Butler invokes J.L. Unless otherwise indicated, written content on this site is published under. Judith Butler, in full Judith Pamela Butler, (born February 24, 1956, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.), American academic whose theories of the performative nature of gender and sex were influential within Francocentric philosophy, cultural theory, queer theory, and some schools of philosophical feminism from the late 20th century. In the later work, Butler discusses Foucault on the subject of power, as this is effected within a ‘re´gime of truth’ (Butler 2005: 22). Thus – almost despite itself, because of the critical edge – it gave feminist studies, and subsequently, queer theory, a massive shot in the arm. An example is when a bride/groom and groom/bride say “I do” at a wedding, they may then actually become married. Butler, then, favours Foucault over Lacan and rejects the Lacanian Symbolic as the sphere which sets the coordinates of our existence in advance. Inspired by Foucault, Butler employs the notion of performative to emphasise that the gendered body is enacted. This brief review will provide an abbreviated history on the conceptual genesis of the term “performativity,” how Butler (re)defines and employs it, and finally how Butler’s account may be useful for critical legal thinking. She is known for her work on gender, sexuality, power, vulnerability and identity. Without going into too much nuanced details of Austin’s theory, one should attend to the distinction between performance and performative. Butler’s collection of essays, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, written in 1989, first published in 1990, and published with a new preface in 1999 sold over 100,000 copies world-wide and has been translated into a number of languages. By the time of her book, Giving an Account of Oneself (2005), which has a clear ethical focus, Butler, although referring to Foucault in order to pose key questions, nevertheless raises the prospect of an opacity in the self that remains, and which, if not inaccessible, is at least only accessible after a great deal of reflexive labour. This is a question arising from Butler’s approach. (Butler 1999: 173). Your email address will not be published. The theory the thesis follows is ... 4 Dabei sollen hauptsächlich seine Werke Überwachen und Strafe (1976) und Sexualität und Wahrheit I (1987) als Grundlage dienen. Judith Butler (* 24. Butler, Performative Agency, 3(2) J. Performatives are generally useful to legal studies because the announcements of law are often performative. Butler not only notes this discrepancy, but also reflects upon the possibilities such a position might, or might not, open up. Problems emerge, too, in Butler’s eyes, when the semiotic is equated with the organisation of the drives and the maternal body. Published May 1, 2014 by Admin Judith Butler is a preeminent gender theorist and has played an extraordinarily influential role in shaping modern feminism. For Foucault, in Butler’s reading, the Law is always external to desire, and thus an impediment which must be overcome. 62-3 (2007). (2004b) Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence, London and New York: Verso. Performatives are, even without a Butlerian slant, fecund arena for legal interrogation. in Philosophie, Yale University Studium in Heidelberg M.A. Feminist writer Judith Butler has given her theory on why JK Rowling has deemed it necessary to speak out on trans lives. Importantly, she combines speech act theory with a phenomenological theory of “acts,” Lacanian psychoanalysis, as well as a heavy dose of Foucault’s notions of subject formation to explain how social agents constitute and reconstitute reality through their performance of language, gesture and sign.6Butler, Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory (1988) 40(4) Theatre Journal 519-531; Gender Trouble (1990); The Psychic Life of Power 83 (1997). Were gender identities fail to fit within the binary form one may enact an identity that challenges intelligibility while subverting the gender binary. This means you are free to share/repost/republish/remix for non-commercial purposes on condition that you acknowledge CLT and link to the source page. In addition, ‘perlocutionary acts’ may be defined as using words to get (persuade, seduce, cajole) someone to do something. When combined with Butler’s interest in the location of the social subject, questions about who may be the subject of the performative utterance, who is the speaker with the ostensibly authority to make performative utterances, or who is the unseen or unheard body not yet before the law. Moreover, Kristeva is seen to privilege the maternal body and the act of birth even as these must remain without the symbolic outlet due of the Law of the Father. Images and other media may be under different licences. Ordinary language philosophers tend to collapse the use/meaning distinction and replace it with the notion that the meaning of a word is its use.1Stanely Cavell, The Claim of Reason 206-7 (1972). Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Can such absolute contingency be sustained? Rather than follow Foucault to the letter here, Butler notes the change in Foucault from a position in Discipline and Punish (1977 [1975]), which argued that no resistance to power was possible, to one in 1982 where it is possible. To this she adds, in her appropriation of Austin, that such subject formation takes place within a milieu of ‘ongoing political contestation and reformulation of the subject as well’ (Butler 1997a: 160). Generally, Butler has been concerned with the issue of resistance to power and the place in society of gay rights and queer politics. marriage), while perlocution is the effect (upon listeners and in society) by saying something.4Austin, supra at 122-131. “bride(s)/groom(s)”, that allow them to say “I do” for those utterance to enact “marriage.” Saying “I do” at a rehearsal dinner will not enact marriage. As connected with legal studies, she writes “Law is not literally internalized, but incorporated, with the consequences that bodies are produced which signify that law on and through the body.”11Gender Trouble, 134-5. Thanks, this was an excellent article. How a judge reads a verdict that has (or fails to have) performative power to transform relations is a potential object of further inquiry. I was supposed to go with a friend, and put on my polite academic face, and listen while she is lauded by room full of people, many of them male, who cannot get over how fucking psyched they are that ‘feminism’ no longer asks them to even acknowledge, let alone challenge, male dominance.

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